The question (15 marks)
Trace the development of the schools of criminology from the pre-classical outlook to the present, and show in each case what defeated the school or limited its claim. (15 marks)
MU Module I, the schools of criminology; chapter on the schools, and the studies of the classical, cartographic, positive and clinical schools.
Plan your answer on paper before you look at the authorities — issue first, then the rule, then apply it to these facts.
It tests Unit 1 · Nature and Scope of Criminology, and its Schools of Criminology and Penology.
Authorities you will need
- Aquinas, for the spiritual explanation and the sentence on Jean Calas in 1762
- Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments
- The first annual national crime statistics, France
- Lombroso, L'Uomo Delinquente
- Garland, on the two projects and on the recovery of tradition; Beirne, on the classical and positive schools as one enterprise
How an answer is marked
A full-marks answer names the issue in one line, states the rule with its section, cites the authority, applies it to these facts and concludes — in that order. The app's model answer for this question is written in exactly that shape, with a checklist to mark your own attempt against.