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Theory paper

Logic – II

Examined on Logic — no governing enactment. This paper builds on Logic I: the syllogism tested by its rules and by reduction, Nyaya inference, hypothetical and disjunctive reasoning, dilemmas, fallacies, and causation. Legal arguments are used throughout as the material the rules are tested on, and the two maxims on the syllabus — causa proxima and respondeat superior — are taught with the law that applies them.

This page is the map of the paper: every syllabus unit, the leading cases with full summaries, and the exam questions the paper actually sets.

Units

  1. Unit 1 · Categorical Syllogism, Reduction and Nyaya Inference — Module 1 — the rules and fallacies of the categorical syllogism, figures and moods and testing validity, direct and indirect reduction, and Nyaya inference: anumana, vyapti and hetvabhasa
  2. Unit 2 · Hypothetical and Disjunctive Arguments, Dilemma and Hypothesis — Module 2 — hypothetical and disjunctive arguments and their fallacies with reference to law, rules of inference and replacement, dilemma and its refutation, hypothesis and the hypothetico-deductive method, and inquiry in law
  3. Unit 3 · Language and Law: Fallacies and Impediments to Reasoning — Module 3 — the uses of language, emotive and neutral language, agreement and disagreement, fallacies of ambiguity, relevance, defective induction and presumption, and impediments to good reasoning
  4. Unit 4 · Causation, Legal Maxims, Equality and Ends and Means — Module 4 — causation and plurality of causes, causa proxima and respondeat superior, equality and its implications, and ends and means

Exam questions

Where it sits

Statutes