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Bare act

Constitution of India

Arts. 13, 14, 21, 32, 50, 226, 245, 246, 300, 311, 323A and 323B — the constitutional anchors of Indian administrative law.

The sections below are the ones the LL.B. papers examine on this Act, with the unit that covers each and the cases decided on it. The official text is on India Code ↗.

Sections in the syllabus

s. 1

s. 1(2)

s. 1, 246, 248

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 2

s. 2(1)(f)

s. 2, 3, 4

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 2(6)

s. 2(31)

Covered in Unit 1 · Introduction and the constitutional framework.

s. 2(a)

s. 2(b)

s. 2(c)

s. 2(d)

s. 2(e)

s. 2(f)

s. 2(g)

s. 2(h)

s. 2(j)

s. 2(k)

s. 2(l)

s. 2(m)

s. 2(n)

s. 2(p)

s. 2(s)

s. 2(t)

s. 2(u)

s. 2(v)

s. 2(w)

s. 2(x)

s. 3

s. 3(1)

s. 3(1)(b)

s. 3(1)(f)

s. 3(2)(c)

s. 3(2)(e)

s. 3(6)

s. 3(a)

s. 3(b)

s. 4

s. 4(1)

s. 4(1)(a)

s. 4(1)(k)

s. 4(2)

s. 4(2)(c)

s. 4(b)

s. 5

s. 5(1)

s. 5(2)

s. 5(3)

s. 5(6)

s. 6

s. 6(1)

s. 6(2)

s. 6(5)

s. 6A

s. 6(a)

s. 7

s. 7(1)

s. 7(1)(b)

s. 7A

s. 8

s. 8(1)

s. 8(1)(e)

s. 8(1)(j)

s. 8(2)

s. 8(2)(a)

s. 8(3)

s. 8(4)

s. 8(e)

s. 9

s. 10

s. 10(3)

s. 10(3)(c)

s. 10(3)(e)

s. 10(5)

s. 10A

s. 11

s. 11(1)

s. 11(1)(a)

s. 11(2)

s. 11(5)

s. 11A

s. 12(1)(c)

s. 12, 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 12B

s. 12(f)

s. 13

s. 13(1)

s. 13(2)

s. 13(2), 19(1)(d), 352, 358

Covered in Unit 1 · Nature, the Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers.

s. 13, 13(3)(a)

Covered in Unit 1 · Nature, the Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers.

s. 13, 14, 21, 32, 226

Covered in Unit 1 · Nature, the Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers.

s. 13B

s. 13B(1)

s. 13B(2)

s. 14

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 14(1)

s. 14(2)

s. 14, 16

Covered in Unit 1 · Nature, the Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers.

s. 14, 19

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 14, 19(1)(g), 19(6)

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 14, 19, 21

Covered in Unit 2 · Delegated Legislation and Natural Justice.

s. 14, 21, 311

Covered in Unit 2 · Delegated Legislation and Natural Justice.

s. 14, 316

Covered in Unit 2 · Delegated Legislation and Natural Justice.

s. 14, 323B

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 14A

s. 15

s. 15(1)

s. 16

s. 17

s. 18

s. 18(1)

s. 19

s. 19(1)(c)

Covered in Unit 1 · Introduction and the constitutional framework.

s. 19(b)

s. 19(f)

s. 20

s. 21

Covered in Unit 1 · Introduction and the constitutional framework.

s. 21, 32, 48A and 51A(g)

Covered in Unit 1 · Foundations of Environmental Law.

s. 21, 47, 48A, 51A(g) and 253

Covered in Unit 2 · International Perspectives and Principles.

s. 21 and 14

Covered in Unit 2 · International Perspectives and Principles.

s. 22

s. 22(a)

s. 23

s. 23(1)(a)

s. 23(1)(s)

s. 23(2)

s. 23(2)(g)

s. 23(2)(h)

s. 23(2)(k)

s. 23(2)(n)

s. 23(2)(s)

s. 23(3)

s. 23(4)

s. 23(h)

s. 24

Covered in Unit 1 · Introduction and the constitutional framework.

s. 25

s. 25(3)

s. 25F

s. 26(1)

s. 27

s. 28

s. 28(1)

s. 28(2)

s. 28(3)

s. 28(4)

s. 28(5)

s. 29

s. 29(1)

s. 29(1)(a)

s. 29(2)

s. 29(3)

s. 29(4)

s. 30

s. 31(1)

Covered in Unit 2 · Delegated Legislation and Natural Justice.

s. 31(2)

s. 32

Covered in Unit 1 · Foundations of Environmental Law.

s. 32(1)

s. 32(1) and 32(2)

Covered in Unit 1 · Foundations of Environmental Law.

s. 32(2)

s. 32(3)

s. 32, 136, 226, 227, 323A(2)(d)

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 32, 226

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 33

s. 33(1)

s. 33(2)

s. 33A

s. 33A(2)

s. 34

s. 34(1)

s. 34A

s. 35

s. 35(1)

s. 35(2)

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 35(3)

s. 35A

s. 36A

s. 36B

s. 37

s. 38

s. 38(1)

s. 38(g)

s. 39

s. 40

s. 41(2)

s. 42(1)

s. 42(2)

s. 42(5)

s. 42(7)

s. 42(8)

s. 43

s. 43(1)

s. 43A

s. 44

s. 44, read with Articles 14, 25 and 26

Covered in Unit 4 · Adoption, Maintenance, Guardianship and the Uniform Civil Code.

s. 45

s. 45Z

s. 46

s. 47

s. 47(1)

s. 48

s. 50

s. 50(2)

s. 50, 162, 246

Covered in Unit 1 · Nature, the Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers.

s. 51(4)

s. 52(3)

s. 53(1)

s. 53(1), 73, 154, 162, 202 to 204, 266(3)

Covered in Unit 1 · Nature, the Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers.

s. 54

s. 54(1)

s. 54(2)

s. 54(2)(a)

s. 54(2)(l)

s. 54(2)(m)

s. 55

s. 57

s. 57(1)

s. 58

s. 58(2)(b)

s. 58(3)

s. 59

s. 60

s. 62(1)

s. 62(2)

s. 62(3)

s. 62(6)

s. 63

s. 64

s. 66

s. 66(1)

s. 66A

s. 66C

s. 66D

s. 66E

s. 69A

s. 70

s. 72

s. 72A

s. 73

s. 74

s. 74, 77, 163, 166

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 75

s. 75, 164

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 76

s. 76(1)

s. 77

s. 77(1)

s. 77(3)

s. 79

s. 79(3)(b)

s. 80

s. 80(1)

s. 80(2)

s. 80(3)

s. 80(4)

s. 80(5)

s. 80(6)

s. 80(8)

s. 86(5)

s. 86(13)

s. 86(15)

s. 86(16)

s. 88

s. 90

s. 91

s. 92

s. 93

s. 99

s. 100

s. 101

s. 102(2), 191(2) and Tenth Schedule

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 104

s. 104(1)

s. 104(1)(b)

s. 104(1)(c)

s. 105, 194, 122, 212

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 106

s. 107

s. 107(1)

s. 108, 197

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 109, 110, 117, 198, 199

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 114(e)

s. 116

s. 116(2)

s. 118(d)

s. 120

s. 120B

s. 123

s. 123(3)

s. 123, 213

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 124

s. 124(2), 217(1), 222(1), 143(1)

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 124(4), 124(5), 218, 121, 211, 235

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 124, 125, 217, 218, 221, 121, 112, 113, 50

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 124A, 124B, 124C, 124, 217

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 125

s. 132, 133, 134, 134A, 136

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 139

s. 139(6)

s. 139A

s. 143

s. 144

s. 147

s. 148

s. 148, 149, 150, 151, 316, 317, 319, 324

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 149

s. 159

s. 163

Covered in Unit 2 · Legislature and Executive.

s. 164

s. 164(2)

s. 165

s. 165(1)

s. 166

s. 169

s. 174

s. 176(1)

s. 184

s. 185

s. 191(4)

s. 198(6)

s. 201

s. 226, 227

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 235

s. 237

s. 237(b)

s. 243B, 243D, 243E, 243G, 243K, 243Q, 243T, 243U, 243W

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 243ZH, 243ZI, 243ZJ, 243ZK, 243ZL

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 245

Covered in Unit 2 · Delegated Legislation and Natural Justice, Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 245, 246, 143

Covered in Unit 2 · Delegated Legislation and Natural Justice.

s. 246 and Seventh Schedule

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 246 and Seventh Schedule List III Entry 42

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 248 and Seventh Schedule List I Entry 97

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 252 and 253

Covered in Unit 1 · Foundations of Environmental Law.

s. 254

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations, Unit 1 · Introduction and the constitutional framework.

s. 256, 257, 365

Covered in Unit 1 · Federalism and Centre-State Relations.

s. 265

Covered in Unit 3 · Financial Markets and Fiscal System.

s. 269

s. 280 and 281

Covered in Unit 3 · Financial Markets and Fiscal System.

s. 286

s. 290

s. 290A

s. 290B

s. 299

s. 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 302

s. 303

s. 307

s. 323A, 323B, 226, 227, 32

Covered in Unit 3 · The Judiciary.

s. 323A, 323B, 226, 227, 136

Covered in Unit 3 · Tribunals, Discretion and the Liability of Government.

s. 326

s. 342

s. 354

s. 356(1), 163, 159

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 356, 355, 365

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 358, 359

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 368

Covered in Unit 4 · Emergency, Amendment and Constitutional Bodies.

s. 378

s. 406

s. 435

s. 439

s. 491

s. 509

s. 549

s. 6256

s. Art. 5

Covered in Unit 1 · Philosophy, History, Preamble, Salient Features and Citizenship.

s. Art. 12

Covered in Unit 2 · Fundamental Rights I: State, Judicial Review, Equality, Freedoms, Life and Liberty.

s. Art. 13(1)

Covered in Unit 2 · Fundamental Rights I: State, Judicial Review, Equality, Freedoms, Life and Liberty.

s. Art. 13, with Art. 14

Covered in Unit 2 · Fundamental Rights I: State, Judicial Review, Equality, Freedoms, Life and Liberty.

s. Art. 14

Covered in Unit 2 · Fundamental Rights I: State, Judicial Review, Equality, Freedoms, Life and Liberty.

s. Art. 19(1), with Arts. 19(2) to 19(6)

Covered in Unit 2 · Fundamental Rights I: State, Judicial Review, Equality, Freedoms, Life and Liberty.

s. Art. 21

Covered in Unit 2 · Fundamental Rights I: State, Judicial Review, Equality, Freedoms, Life and Liberty.

s. Art. 21, read with Arts. 14 and 19

Covered in Unit 3 · Human Rights, the Indian Constitution and the Commissions.

s. Art. 23

Covered in Unit 3 · Fundamental Rights II: Exploitation, Religion, Minorities, Remedies and Savings.

s. Art. 25

Covered in Unit 3 · Fundamental Rights II: Exploitation, Religion, Minorities, Remedies and Savings.

s. Art. 30

Covered in Unit 3 · Fundamental Rights II: Exploitation, Religion, Minorities, Remedies and Savings.

s. Art. 31C

Covered in Unit 4 · Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties, the Judiciary and Other Provisions.

s. Art. 32(2), with Art. 226(1)

Covered in Unit 3 · Fundamental Rights II: Exploitation, Religion, Minorities, Remedies and Savings.

s. Art. 32, with Art. 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Fundamental Rights II: Exploitation, Religion, Minorities, Remedies and Savings.

s. Art. 37

Covered in Unit 4 · Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties, the Judiciary and Other Provisions.

s. Art. 51A

Covered in Unit 4 · Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties, the Judiciary and Other Provisions.

s. Art. 226(1), with Art. 12

Covered in Unit 4 · Writ Petitions and Public Interest Litigation.

s. Art. 227, with CPC O. XXXIX rr. 1 and 2

Covered in Unit 4 · Writ Petitions and Public Interest Litigation.

s. Art. 253, read with ICCPR Art. 11

Covered in Unit 3 · Human Rights, the Indian Constitution and the Commissions.

s. Article 13, read with Articles 32 and 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Organisation of Government — Separation of Powers, the Judiciary and Parliamentary Sovereignty.

s. Article 14

Covered in Unit 3 · Presumptions in Statutory Interpretation.

s. Article 14 and Article 15(1)

Covered in Unit 2 · Political Obligation — State Authority and the Citizen.

s. Article 14, read with Articles 21, 32 and 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Organisation of Government — Separation of Powers, the Judiciary and Parliamentary Sovereignty.

s. Article 15(3)

Covered in Unit 1 · Women, the Constitution and International Instruments.

s. Article 19(1) and Article 19(2)

Covered in Unit 3 · Political Ideologies.

s. Article 20(1)

Covered in Unit 2 · Subsidiary Rules and Construction by Subject Matter.

s. Article 21

Covered in Unit 1 · Right to Health and the Medical Profession.

s. Article 21, with Articles 39(e), 41, 42, 47 and 48A

Covered in Unit 1 · Right to Health and the Medical Profession.

s. Article 23

Covered in Unit 4 · Correction of Offenders, Probation, Parole and Victimology.

s. Article 24

Covered in Unit 3 · The Social, Constitutional and International Status of the Child.

s. Article 32 read with Article 142

Covered in Unit 3 · The Police, Penology and the Theories of Punishment.

s. Article 40

Covered in Unit 4 · Indian Democracy at Work.

s. Article 50, with articles 233 and 235

Covered in Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers.

s. Article 124

Covered in Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers.

s. Article 124(2) and article 124A

Covered in Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers.

s. Article 141

Covered in Unit 1 · Law, Sources, Legal Language and Analysis.

s. Article 245

Covered in Unit 3 · Presumptions in Statutory Interpretation.

s. Article 265

Covered in Unit 2 · Subsidiary Rules and Construction by Subject Matter, Unit 1 · Foundations of Indian Tax Law.

s. Article 368, read with Article 13

Covered in Unit 3 · Organisation of Government — Separation of Powers, the Judiciary and Parliamentary Sovereignty.

s. Articles 13, 32, 144 and 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers.

s. Articles 13, 246, 249 and 368

Covered in Unit 3 · Organisation of Government — Separation of Powers, the Judiciary and Parliamentary Sovereignty.

s. Articles 14, 19(1)(a) and 19(2)

Covered in Unit 4 · Technology, Social Media and the Law.

s. Articles 15(3), 23, 28, 29 and 39(e) and (f)

Covered in Unit 3 · The Social, Constitutional and International Status of the Child.

s. Articles 15, 16, 37, 44, 46 and 335

Covered in Unit 3 · Selected Readings, Moots and Constitutional Provisions.

s. Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(2)

Covered in Unit 4 · Technology, Social Media and the Law.

s. Articles 21A, 45 and 51A(k)

Covered in Unit 3 · The Social, Constitutional and International Status of the Child.

s. Articles 21 and 22(1)

Covered in Unit 3 · The Police, Penology and the Theories of Punishment.

s. Articles 31A and 31B, with Articles 38 and 39

Covered in Unit 4 · Partition and Post-Independence India.

s. Articles 32, 124, 125, 131, 136, 141 and 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Organisation of Government — Separation of Powers, the Judiciary and Parliamentary Sovereignty.

s. Articles 32, 142, 161 and 226

Covered in Unit 2 · Legal Concepts, Reading Judgments and Trials.

s. Articles 32 and 226

Covered in Unit 4 · Legal Writing, PIL Research, Technology and the Law Office, Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers, Unit 4 · Legal Writing, PIL Research, Technology and the Law Office.

s. Articles 39, 42 and 51A(e)

Covered in Unit 1 · Women, the Constitution and International Instruments.

s. Articles 50, 123, 233, 235 and 368

Covered in Unit 3 · Organisation of Government — Separation of Powers, the Judiciary and Parliamentary Sovereignty.

s. Articles 121, 124, 125, 129, 146, 211, 215 and 235

Covered in Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers.

s. Articles 129 to 136, 141 to 144 and 32

Covered in Unit 3 · Courts under the Constitution; Rule of Law, Independence of the Judiciary and Separation of Powers.

s. Articles 243D, 243T, 325, 326, 330A, 332A and 334A

Covered in Unit 4 · Representation.

s. Articles 243D and 243T

Covered in Unit 1 · Women, the Constitution and International Instruments.

s. Articles 245 and 246 with the Seventh Schedule

Covered in Unit 1 · The Primary Rules: Literal, Golden and Mischief.

s. Articles 246, 246A, 248 and the Seventh Schedule

Covered in Unit 1 · Foundations of Indian Tax Law.

s. Articles 246, 249, 257, 356 and the Seventh Schedule

Covered in Unit 2 · Government as a Concept in Political Theory.

s. Articles 246A, 269A and 279A

Covered in Unit 4 · GST and Maharashtra Profession Tax.

s. Articles 324, 327, 328 and 329

Covered in Unit 4 · Representation.

s. Articles 325, 330, 331, 332 and 334

Covered in Unit 4 · Representation.

s. Articles 325 and 326

Covered in Unit 4 · Representation.

s. Articles 325 and 327

Covered in Unit 4 · Representation.

s. Arts. 14, 15(3), 15(4), 16(4) and 17

Covered in Unit 4 · Vulnerable Groups and Regional Arrangements.

s. Arts. 14, 15, 19(1)(g), 21 and 51

Covered in Unit 3 · Human Rights, the Indian Constitution and the Commissions.

s. Arts. 21, 22(5) and 32

Covered in Unit 4 · Writ Petitions and Public Interest Litigation.

s. Arts. 21, 32, 142 and 226, read with ICCPR Art. 9(5)

Covered in Unit 3 · Human Rights, the Indian Constitution and the Commissions.

s. Arts. 32(2) and 226(1)

Covered in Unit 4 · Writ Petitions and Public Interest Litigation.

s. Arts. 32, 37 and 51A

Covered in Unit 3 · Human Rights, the Indian Constitution and the Commissions.

s. Arts. 32, 51 and 226

Covered in Unit 3 · Human Rights, the Indian Constitution and the Commissions.

s. Arts. 32, 226 and 227

Covered in Unit 4 · Writ Petitions and Public Interest Litigation.

s. Arts. 32 and 226

Covered in Unit 4 · Writ Petitions and Public Interest Litigation.

s. Arts. 129, 215, 142(2) and 19(1)(a) with 19(2)

Covered in Unit 4 · Contempt, Bar–Bench relations and accountancy for lawyers.

s. Part III with Part IV

Covered in Unit 4 · Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties, the Judiciary and Other Provisions.

s. Part IX and Part IXA; Articles 243D, 243G and 243K

Covered in Unit 4 · Indian Democracy at Work.

s. Preamble

Covered in Unit 1 · Philosophy, History, Preamble, Salient Features and Citizenship.

s. Preamble, Article 38 and Article 39(b) and (c)

Covered in Unit 3 · Political Ideologies.

s. Preamble, with Art. 356

Covered in Unit 1 · Philosophy, History, Preamble, Salient Features and Citizenship.

s. Preamble, with Art. 368

Covered in Unit 1 · Philosophy, History, Preamble, Salient Features and Citizenship.

s. Proviso to Article 304

Covered in Unit 2 · Subsidiary Rules and Construction by Subject Matter.

s. Seventh Schedule, List I entry 45 and List II entry 32

Covered in Unit 1 · Banking Structure and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.

s. Seventh Schedule, List III, entry 9

Covered in Unit 1 · Foundations of the Code.

Cases on this Act

Examined in